Algebra (from Arabic: الجبر (al-jabr, meaning "reunion of broken parts " and "bonesetting") is one of the broad parts of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry and analysis. In its most general form, algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics. It includes everything from elementary equation solving to the study of abstractions such as groups, rings, and fields. The more basic parts of algebra are called elementary algebra; the more abstract parts are called abstract algebra or modern algebra. Elementary algebra is generally considered to be essential for any study of mathematics, science, or engineering, as well as such applications as medicine and economics. Abstract algebra is a major area in advanced mathematics, studied primarily by professional mathematicians.
Elementary algebra differs from arithmetic in the use of abstractions, such as using letters to stand for numbers that are either unknown or allowed to take on many values. For example, in
x
+
2
=
5
{\displaystyle x+2=5}
the letter
x
{\displaystyle x}
is unknown, but applying additive inverses can reveal its value :
x
=
3
{\displaystyle x=3}
. In E = mc2, the letters
E
{\displaystyle E}
and
m
{\displaystyle m}
are variables, and the letter
c
{\displaystyle c}
is a constant, the speed of light in a vacuum. Algebra gives methods for writing formulas and solving equations that are much clearer and easier than the older method of writing everything out in words.
